Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist counteracts hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in diet-induced obese male mice.

Obesity leads to insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. In humans, low levels of the hormone prolactin (PRL) correlate with IR, adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, and increased prevalence of T2D. In obese rats, PRL treatment promotes insulin sensitivity and reduces visceral AT adipocyte hypertrophy. Here, we tested whether elevating PRL levels with the prokinetic and antipsychotic drug sulpiride, an antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors, improves metabolism in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese male mice. Sulpiride treatment (30 days) reduced hyperglycemia, IR, and the serum and pancreatic levels of triglycerides in obese mice, reduced visceral and subcutaneous AT adipocyte hypertrophy, normalized markers of visceral AT function (PRL receptor, Glut4, insulin receptor and Hif-1α), and increased glycogen stores in skeletal muscle. However, the effects of sulpiride reducing hyperglycemia were also observed in obese prolactin receptor null mice. We conclude that sulpiride reduces obesity-induced hyperglycemia by mechanisms that are independent of prolactin/prolactin receptor activity. These findings support the therapeutic potential of sulpiride against metabolic dysfunction in obesity.

Melanoma-associated melanocortin 1 receptor variants confer redox signaling-dependent protection against oxidative DNA damage.

Cutaneous melanoma, a lethal skin cancer, arises from malignant transformation of melanocytes. Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major environmental risk factor for melanoma since its interaction with the skin generates DNA damage, either directly or indirectly via oxidative stress. Pheomelanin pigments exacerbate oxidative stress in melanocytes by UVR-dependent and independent mechanisms. Thus, oxidative stress is considered to contribute to melanomagenesis, particularly in people with pheomelanic pigmentation. The melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) is a major melanoma susceptibility gene. Frequent MC1R variants (varMC1R) associated with fair skin and red or yellow hair color display hypomorphic signaling to the cAMP pathway and are associated with higher melanoma risk. This association is thought to be due to production of photosensitizing pheomelanins as well as deficient induction of DNA damage repair downstream of varMC1R. However, the data on modulation of oxidative DNA damage repair by MC1R remain scarce. We recently demonstrated that varMC1R accelerates clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA strand breaks in an AKT-dependent manner. Here we show that varMC1R also protects against ROS-dependent formation of 8-oxodG, the most frequent oxidative DNA lesion. Since the base excision repair (BER) pathway mediates clearance of these DNA lesions, we analyzed induction of BER enzymes in human melanoma cells of varMC1R genotype. Agonist-mediated activation of both wildtype (wtMC1R) and varMC1R significantly induced OGG and APE-1/Ref1, the rate-limiting BER enzymes responsible for repair of 8-oxodG. Moreover, we found that NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent generation of ROS was responsible for AKT activation and oxidative DNA damage repair downstream of varMC1R. These observations provide a better understanding of the functional properties of melanoma-associated MC1R alleles and may be useful for the rational development of strategies to correct defective varMC1R responses for efficient photoprotection and melanoma prevention in fair-skinned individuals.

The sodium-proton exchangers sNHE and NHE1 control plasma membrane hyperpolarization in mouse sperm.

Sperm capacitation, crucial for fertilization, occurs in the female reproductive tract and can be replicated in vitro using a medium rich in bicarbonate, calcium, and albumin. These components trigger the cAMP-PKA signaling cascade, proposed to promote hyperpolarization of the mouse sperm plasma membrane through activation of SLO3 K+ channel. Hyperpolarization is a hallmark of capacitation: proper membrane hyperpolarization renders higher in vitro fertilizing ability, while Slo3 KO mice are infertile. However, the precise regulation of SLO3 opening remains elusive. Our study challenges the involvement of PKA in this event and reveals the role of Na+/H+ exchangers. During capacitation, calcium increase through CatSper channels activates NHE1, while cAMP directly stimulates the sperm-specific NHE, collectively promoting the alkalinization threshold needed for SLO3 opening. Hyperpolarization then feeds back Na+/H+ activity. Our work is supported by pharmacology, and a plethora of KO mouse models, and proposes a novel pathway leading to hyperpolarization.

Sleep, Glial Function, and the Endocannabinoid System: Implications for Neuroinflammation and Sleep Disorders.

The relationship between sleep, glial cells, and the endocannabinoid system represents a multifaceted regulatory network with profound implications for neuroinflammation and cognitive function. The molecular underpinnings of sleep modulation by the endocannabinoid system and its influence on glial cell activity are discussed, shedding light on the reciprocal relationships that govern these processes. Emphasis is placed on understanding the role of glial cells in mediating neuroinflammatory responses and their modulation by sleep patterns. Additionally, this review examines how the endocannabinoid system interfaces with glia-immune signaling to regulate inflammatory cascades within the central nervous system. Notably, the cognitive consequences of disrupted sleep, neuroinflammation, and glial dysfunction are addressed, encompassing implications for neurodegenerative disorders, mood disturbances, and cognitive decline. Insights into the bidirectional modulation of cognitive function by the endocannabinoid system in the context of sleep and glial activity are explored, providing a comprehensive perspective on the potential mechanisms underlying cognitive impairments associated with sleep disturbances. Furthermore, this review examines potential therapeutic avenues targeting the endocannabinoid system to mitigate neuroinflammation, restore glial homeostasis, and normalize sleep patterns. The identification of novel therapeutic targets within this intricate regulatory network holds promise for addressing conditions characterized by disrupted sleep, neuroinflammation, and cognitive dysfunction. This work aims to examine the complexities of neural regulation and identify potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.

Transforming 'Bonito del Norte' Tuna By-Products into Functional Ingredients for Nutritional Enhancement of Cereal-Based Foods.

The fishing industry produces a significant number of by-products. This study explored two methods of transforming these by-products: fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) and Fishmeal (FM). Physicochemical characterization of these products was conducted and their potential inclusion in biscuits was investigated due to the lack of high biological value protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids of this product. The results identified colour disparities between FPH and FM, with FM displaying lower brightness and a more reddish hue. In FPH, there was also a noticeable decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids, probably associated with the temperature reached in spray-drying. While the incorporation of these by-products in biscuits was feasible, there were challenges, particularly the fishy taste and rancid odour, which were more pronounced in FM biscuits due to the higher fat content. This correlated with the oxidation indexes, such as TBARS and acidity index. Nonetheless, FPH biscuit attributes like typical colour or flavour received positive feedback, attributed to the Maillard reaction. Scanning electron microscopy revealed microstructural differences, which correlated with the results of hardness and fracturability, probably due to the higher fat content in FM. This study revealed the possibility of nutritionally enriching cookies with ingredients derived from fish by-products. However, it would be necessary to go a step further and study alternatives that allow better preservation of saturated fatty acids.

Reorganization of the Flagellum Scaffolding Induces a Sperm Standstill During Fertilization.

Mammalian sperm delve into the female reproductive tract to fertilize the female gamete. The available information about how sperm regulate their motility during the final journey to the fertilization site is extremely limited. In this work, we investigated the structural and functional changes in the sperm flagellum after acrosomal exocytosis and during the interaction with the eggs. The evidence demonstrates that the double helix actin network surrounding the mitochondrial sheath of the midpiece undergoes structural changes prior to the motility cessation. This structural modification is accompanied by a decrease in diameter of the midpiece and is driven by intracellular calcium changes that occur concomitant with a reorganization of the actin helicoidal cortex. Although midpiece contraction may occur in a subset of cells that undergo acrosomal exocytosis, live-cell imaging during in vitro fertilization showed that the midpiece contraction is required for motility cessation after fusion is initiated. These findings provide the first evidence of the F-actin network's role in regulating sperm motility, adapting its function to meet specific cellular requirements during fertilization, and highlighting the broader significance of understanding sperm motility. Significant statement: In this work, we demonstrate that the helical structure of polymerized actin in the flagellum undergoes a rearrangement at the time of sperm-egg fusion. This process is driven by intracellular calcium and promotes a decrease in the sperm midpiece diameter as well as the arrest in motility, which is observed after the fusion process is initiated.

Innovative Plant-Based Burger Enriched with Tenebrio molitor Meal: Characterization and Shelf-Life.

Environmental concerns, among other causes, are leading to meat replacement in the diet by healthy, nutritious, and tasty foods. Alternative protein sources of plant origin can be an alternative to meat but their low biological value proteins can be a problem. Novel foods, such as insect meals, can meet current consumer's demands. Therefore, this research has developed innovative prototypes of analog burgers with insect and vegetable proteins. Concerned about health and allergies, a prototype incorporating soya to satisfy coeliacs was developed. An iterative and heuristic process was carried out to test the product development feasibility. The main raw materials used were insect flour (Tenebrio molitor), seitan, and soya. In addition, oat and sodium alginate were used as binders. The shelf-life of the new product was evaluated by physicochemical (pH, aw, moisture, color, acidity, and peroxide index) and sensory analysis (quantitative analysis QDA). The production of the burger analogs was feasible. Product characterization showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among samples for organoleptic properties, highlighting texture changes. Using a multivariate model, it was established that the "best before date" occurs at seven days for all developed prototypes, conditioned by microbial growth. Finally, the spoilage model indicated an important contribution to bacterial growth with a notable modification to the pastiness and hardness of the burger analogs developed.

A Side-by-Side Comparison of Wildtype and Variant Melanocortin 1 Receptor Signaling with Emphasis on Protection against Oxidative Damage to DNA.

Common variants of the MC1R gene coding the α-melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor are associated with light skin, poor tanning, blond or red hair, and increased melanoma risk, due to pigment-dependent and -independent effects. This complex phenotype is usually attributed to impaired activation of cAMP signaling. However, several MC1R variants show significant residual coupling to cAMP and efficiently activate mitogenic extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling. Yet, residual signaling and the key actions of wildtype and variant MC1R have never been assessed under strictly comparable conditions in melanocytic cells of identical genetic background. We devised a strategy based on CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of endogenous MC1R in a human melanoma cell line wildtype for BRAF, NRAS and NF1, followed by reconstitution with epitope-labeled MC1R constructs, and functional analysis of clones expressing comparable levels of wildtype, R151C or D294H MC1R. The proliferation rate, shape, adhesion, motility and sensitivity to oxidative DNA damage were compared. The R151C and D294H RHC variants displayed impaired cAMP signaling, intracellular stability similar to the wildtype, triggered ERK1/2 activation as effectively as the wildtype, and afforded partial protection against oxidative DNA damage, although less efficiently than the wildtype. Therefore, common melanoma-associated MC1R variants display biased signaling and significant genoprotective activity.

Clinical Predictors of Monkeypox Diagnosis: A Case-Control Study in a Nonendemic Region during the 2022 Outbreak.

Monkeypox (Mpox) is an emerging zoonotic disease with the potential for severe complications. Early identification and diagnosis are essential to prompt treatment, control its spread, and reduce the risk of human-to-human transmission. This study aimed to develop a clinical diagnostic tool and describe the clinical and sociodemographic features of 19 PCR-confirmed Mpox cases during an outbreak in a nonendemic region of northwestern Mexico. The median age of patients was 35 years, and most were male. Mpox-positive patients commonly reported symptoms such as fever, lumbago, and asthenia, in addition to experiencing painful ulcers and a high frequency of HIV infection among people living with HIV (PLWH). Two diagnostic models using logistic regression were devised, with the best model exhibiting a prediction accuracy of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.8-1), a sensitivity of 0.86, and a specificity of 0.93. The high predictive values and accuracy of the top-performing model highlight its potential to significantly improve early Mpox diagnosis and treatment in clinical settings, aiding in the control of future outbreaks.

The Diversity of Gut Microbiota at Weaning Is Altered in Prolactin Receptor-Null Mice.

Maternal milk supports offspring development by providing microbiota, macronutrients, micronutrients, immune factors, and hormones. The hormone prolactin (PRL) is an important milk component with protective effects against metabolic diseases. Because maternal milk regulates microbiota composition and adequate microbiota protect against the development of metabolic diseases, we aimed to investigate whether PRL/PRL receptor signaling regulates gut microbiota composition in newborn mice at weaning. 16SrRNA sequencing of feces and bioinformatics analysis was performed to evaluate gut microbiota in PRL receptor-null mice (Prlr-KO) at weaning (postnatal day 21). The normalized colon and cecal weights were higher and lower, respectively, in the Prlr-KO mice relative to the wild-type mice (Prlr-WT). Relative abundances (Simpson Evenness Index), phylogenetic diversity, and bacterial concentrations were lower in the Prlr-KO mice. Eleven bacteria species out of 470 differed between the Prlr-KO and Prlr-WT mice, with two genera (Anaerotruncus and Lachnospiraceae) related to metabolic disease development being the most common in the Prlr-KO mice. A higher metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides was predicted in the Prlr-KO mice compared to the Prlr-WT mice, and these metabolites had antimicrobial properties and were present in microbe-associated pathogenicity. We concluded that the absence of the PRL receptor altered gut microbiota, resulting in lower abundance and richness, which could contribute to metabolic disease development.

Highly efficient platelet generation in lung vasculature reproduced by microfluidics.

Platelets, small hemostatic blood cells, are derived from megakaryocytes. Both bone marrow and lung are principal sites of thrombopoiesis although underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Outside the body, however, our ability to generate large number of functional platelets is poor. Here we show that perfusion of megakaryocytes ex vivo through the mouse lung vasculature generates substantial platelet numbers, up to 3000 per megakaryocyte. Despite their large size, megakaryocytes are able repeatedly to passage through the lung vasculature, leading to enucleation and subsequent platelet generation intravascularly. Using ex vivo lung and an in vitro microfluidic chamber we determine how oxygenation, ventilation, healthy pulmonary endothelium and the microvascular structure support thrombopoiesis. We also show a critical role for the actin regulator Tropomyosin 4 in the final steps of platelet formation in lung vasculature. This work reveals the mechanisms of thrombopoiesis in lung vasculature and informs approaches to large-scale generation of platelets.

EGFR and p38MAPK Contribute to the Apoptotic Effect of the Recombinant Lectin from Tepary Bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) in Colon Cancer Cells.

Previous works showed that a Tepary bean lectin fraction (TBLF) induced apoptosis on colon cancer cells and inhibited early colonic tumorigenesis. One Tepary bean (TB) lectin was expressed in Pichia pastoris (rTBL-1), exhibiting similarities to one native lectin, where its molecular structure and in silico recognition of cancer-type N-glycoconjugates were confirmed. This work aimed to determine whether rTBL-1 retained its bioactive properties and if its apoptotic effect was related to EGFR pathways by studying its cytotoxic effect on colon cancer cells. Similar apoptotic effects of rTBL-1 with respect to TBLF were observed for cleaved PARP-1 and caspase 3, and cell cycle G0/G1 arrest and decreased S phase were observed for both treatments. Apoptosis induction on SW-480 cells was confirmed by testing HA2X, p53 phosphorylation, nuclear fragmentation, and apoptotic bodies. rTBL-1 increased EGFR phosphorylation but also its degradation by the lysosomal route. Phospho-p38 increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, matching apoptotic markers, and STAT1 showed activation after rTBL-1 treatment. The results show that part of the rTBL-1 mechanism of action is related to p38 MAPK signaling. Future work will focus further on the target molecules of this recombinant lectin against colon cancer.

Antimicrobial Peptides from Photosynthetic Marine Organisms with Potential Application in Aquaculture.

Aquaculture production is at a record level and is estimated to increase in the coming years. However, this production can be negatively affected by infectious diseases produced by viruses, bacteria, and parasites, causing fish mortality and economic losses. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides that may be promising candidates to replace antibiotics because they are the first line of defense in animals against a wide variety of pathogens and have no negative effects; they also show additional activities such as antioxidant or immunoregulatory functions, which makes them powerful alternatives for use in aquaculture. Moreover, AMPs are highly available in natural sources and have already been used in the livestock farming and food industries. Photosynthetic marine organisms can survive under all kinds of environmental conditions and under extremely competitive environments thanks to their flexible metabolism. For this reason, these organisms represent a powerful source of bioactive molecules as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, including AMPs. Therefore, in this study we reviewed the present knowledge about AMPs from photosynthetic marine organism sources and analyzed whether they could be suitable for use in aquaculture.

SUPERMAN strikes again in legumes.

The SUPERMAN (SUP) gene was described in Arabidopsis thaliana over 30 years ago. SUP was classified as a cadastral gene required to maintain the boundaries between reproductive organs, thus controlling stamen and carpel number in flowers. We summarize the information on the characterization of SUP orthologs in plant species other than Arabidopsis, focusing on the findings for the MtSUP, the ortholog in the legume Medicago truncatula. M. truncatula has been widely used as a model system to study the distinctive developmental traits of this family of plants, such as the existence of compound inflorescence and complex floral development. MtSUP participates in the complex genetic network controlling these developmental processes in legumes, sharing conserved functions with SUP. However, transcriptional divergence between SUP and MtSUP provided context-specific novel functions for a SUPERMAN ortholog in a legume species. MtSUP controls the number of flowers per inflorescence and the number of petals, stamens and carpels regulating the determinacy of ephemeral meristems that are unique in legumes. Results obtained in M. truncatula provided new insights to the knowledge of compound inflorescence and flower development in legumes. Since legumes are valuable crop species worldwide, with high nutritional value and important roles in sustainable agriculture and food security, new information on the genetic control of their compound inflorescence and floral development could be used for plant breeding.

Wearables and Machine Learning for Improving Runners' Motivation from an Affective Perspective.

Wearable technology is playing an increasing role in the development of user-centric applications. In the field of sports, this technology is being used to implement solutions that improve athletes' performance, reduce the risk of injury, or control fatigue, for example. Emotions are involved in most of these solutions, but unfortunately, they are not monitored in real-time or used as a decision element that helps to increase the quality of training sessions, nor are they used to guarantee the health of athletes. In this paper, we present a wearable and a set of machine learning models that are able to deduce runners' emotions during their training. The solution is based on the analysis of runners' electrodermal activity, a physiological parameter widely used in the field of emotion recognition. As part of the DJ-Running project, we have used these emotions to increase runners' motivation through music. It has required integrating the wearable and the models into the DJ-Running mobile application, which interacts with the technological infrastructure of the project to select and play the most suitable songs at each instant of the training.

Thermal and pH stability of Justicia spicigera (Mexican honeysuckle) pigments: Application of mathematical probabilistic models to predict pigments stability.

Kinetic and probabilistic (Time-to-Failure, TTF) models were used to predict the color (L*, a*, b* total color differences (ΔE), Hue and Chroma) stability of Justicia spicigera leaves pigments subjected to different temperatures (40 - 80 °C) and pHs (2 - 12). The change in pH caused different hues (from 60° = orange red to 268° = deep-blue) due to the shift effect of anthocyanins in the extract. Temperatures higher than 60 °C increased the color degradation. High heat sensitivity was observed at pH 4 (Ea = 90.27) and 10 (Ea = 154.99 kJ/mol). The Time-to-Failure model for both ΔE and Hue describes the effect of pH and temperature in the J. spicigera extracts. High pHs and temperatures applied to the extracts increased the probability of showing ΔEs > 4 or Hue changes over 20 %. Nearby the neutral region of pH, pigments of J. spicigera were more stable. The TTF model might be a useful tool to describe and predict the behavior of pigments added to foods.

Obesity-derived alterations in the lactating mammary gland: Focus on prolactin.

Obesity is a modern pandemic with negative consequences in women's reproductive health. Women with overweight and obesity can develop mammary gland alterations that unable exclusive breastfeeding. Obesity associates with a disturbed lactating mammary gland endocrine environment including a decreased action of the hormone prolactin (PRL), the master regulator of lactation. The PRL receptor and the action of PRL are reduced in the mammary gland of lactating rodents fed an obesogenic diet and are contributing factors to impaired lactation in obesity. Also, treatment with PRL improves milk yield in women with lactation insufficiency. This review focuses on the impact of diet-induced obesity in the lactating mammary gland and how obesity impairs the lactogenic action of PRL. Although obesity alters lactation performance in humans and rodents, the responsible mechanisms have been mainly addressed in rodents.

Fish By-Product Valorization as Source of Bioactive Compounds for Food Enrichment: Characterization, Suitability and Shelf Life.

Fish processing generates many by-products, which are mainly destined for aquaculture feed. However, these by-products have interesting nutritional properties and could still be used for human consumption, thus promoting circular economy. Therefore, this study focused on evaluating the shelf life of mechanically deboned and dried meat (MDDM) of sea bass based on the lipid oxidation criterion (TBARS). The effect of a tocopherol-based antioxidant was also evaluated, and changes in the fatty acid profile were studied. For that, samples with and without antioxidant were stored at three temperatures (37, 55, and 65 °C) for 50 days. This allowed its modelling according to the Arrhenius model. The results showed a shelf life for MDDM of 220 days at 20 °C without the addition of antioxidant. When antioxidant was added, a high protective effect against oxidation and preservation of unsaturated fatty acids was perceived, avoiding nutritional losses and negative sensory effects, reducing EPA and DHA losses by 75% and 72%, respectively. In conclusion, the stability of MDDM from sea bass was demonstrated, making possible its incorporation into other food matrices.

The tapetal tissue is essential for the maintenance of redox homeostasis during microgametogenesis in tomato.

The tapetum is a specialized layer of cells within the anther, adjacent to the sporogenous tissue. During its short life, it provides nutrients, molecules and materials to the pollen mother cells and microsporocytes, being essential during callose degradation and pollen wall formation. The interaction between the tapetum and sporogenous cells in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) plants, despite its importance for breeding purposes, is poorly understood. To investigate this process, gene editing was used to generate loss-of-function mutants that showed the complete and specific absence of tapetal cells. These plants were obtained targeting the previously uncharacterized Solyc03g097530 (SlTPD1) gene, essential for tapetum specification in tomato plants. In the absence of tapetum, sporogenous cells developed and callose deposition was observed. However, sporocytes failed to undergo the process of meiosis and finally degenerated, leading to male sterility. Transcriptomic analysis conducted in mutant anthers lacking tapetum revealed the downregulation of a set of genes related to redox homeostasis. Indeed, mutant anthers showed a reduction in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at early stages and altered activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes. The results obtained highlight the importance of the tapetal tissue in maintaining redox homeostasis during male gametogenesis in tomato plants.

Microencapsulates by spray of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG from fermented whole or skimmed cow's milk added with Mexican honeysuckle (Justicia spicigera) extract using mesquite gum as carrier agent.

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition 5°Bx Mexican honeysuckle (Justicia spicigera) extract (JSE) in spray dried encapsulates of whole and skimmed unfermented and fermented cow's milk with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (LR). All samples were spray dried at 160 °C. Samples were analyzed in physical properties (moisture content, water activity (a w ), L∗, a∗, b∗, Hue, Chroma color parameters, particle size), LR content, and bioactive compounds (total anthocyanins (TA), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (AC) using the DPPH assay). Results showed that the load of LR was in the range 6.79-7.44 Log10 (CFU/mL) cycles after fermentation, lower values were obtained when JSE was added before fermentation. In addition, LR remains after drying in fermented samples but decrease about 1 Log10 (CFU/mL) cycle. LR was 4.46 Log10 (CFU/mL) in the fermented skimmed milk-J. spicigera extract powder. All powders had a w and moisture content below 0.295 and 6.51%, respectively. Color of powders depended on the moment of addition of JSE and fermentation. Powders from fermented milk were pale brownish/orangey/red (Hue = 44.91-59.7) and unfermented and J. spicigera extract-maltodextrin solution (12% w/v) powders were purple (Hue = 314.52-326.68). Higher particle sizes (52.3-104.7 µm) were obtained with whole milk fermented and unfermented powders. On the contrary, skimmed milk and JSE without milk protein had values in the range 15.56-44.0 µm. TPC in powders were higher (16.96-33.81 mg GAE/g powder db) compared with TA (0.27-0.64 mg Peonidin-3,5-diglucoside/g powder db). TPC increased with fermentation and remain after spray drying. The AC and TPCs were highly correlated and had antioxidant capacity of 10.18 mg TE/g powder db. The principal component analysis showed that the type of milk and fermentation separate the powders in four groups, depending on their physical and antioxidant properties. Encapsulated pigments could be used in formulations in the food industry to increase bioactive compounds and pigments in foods.